Elbow Spring

A steel or wooden spring, straight or slightly curved, and pivoted to a loop at one or both ends. It came into use around 1670 and was fastened underneath the four corners of the coach-body. The short leather braces suspending the body were attached to the end of these springs.

Elliptic spring

Carriage spring made up of two sets of overlapping steel plates or leaves bolted together in elliptical or semi-elliptical form. It was invented by Obadiah Elliot in England (1804).